Magnolias are in bloom

Actually, they have been blooming for weeks now. It seems to take them a while to open fully, possibly because they are just so enormous. There are magnolia trees everywhere around here, and the scent is wonderful.

  • Image of two enormous fully opened white magnolia blossoms, demonstrating large, dense cone of carpals and stamens, as well as matchstick-like stames which have fallen from the main cluster and collected in bottom petals
  • Image of two enormous fully opened white magnolia blossoms with a hand for size reference (hand is about the size of a single large outer petal)

I purposely included my hand in one of the shots in order to provide a size comparison. These are *big* blossoms. They rival even the sycamore leaves I photographed last fall (and will post about at some point), one lobe of which was about the same size as my shoe.

Here is a magnolia blossom that has not opened up yet.:

Partially opened large, white magnolia blossom, petals still curved in on each other, being held upright by a hand

And here is a little slideshow showing a close-up of the interior of a magnolia blossom:

  • Close-up of interior magnolia blossom, showing dense collection of carpals curling up like calamari from a cylindrical base of pale yellow stamens
  • Close-up of interior magnolia blossom, showing dense collection of carpals curling up like calamari from a cylindrical base of pale yellow stamens
  • Side view, close-up of interior magnolia blossom, showing dense collection of carpals curling up like calamari from a cylindrical base of pale yellow stamens
  • Close-up of interior magnolia blossom, showing dense collection of carpals curling up like calamari from a cylindrical base of pale yellow stamens, also showing stamens that have fallen down into a cupped petal, looking like small matchsticks with pale yellow stick-like bodies touched by deep purple at one end

The curly bits on top that look surprisingly like calamari are called carpels (part of the female part of the plant) and the narrow, yellow, stick-like parts that make up the base are called stamens (part of the male part of the plant). As I discovered, the stamens fall out en masse with the slightest touch, and tend to collect in the bottom-most petals of the flower. I think they look rather like matchsticks.

Here you can see the blossoms juxtaposed with the beautiful, glossy leaves:

Close-up of magnolia tree featuring two large, open, white blossoms and a number of large, shiny, green leaves

Other beautiful plants still in bloom include the coral honeysuckle (at least, I think that is what this is):

Coral honeysuckle from the side, featuring scarlet trumpet-like flowers

and these tiny, daisy-like flowers. Unfortunately I was unable to identify them because I spotted them while walking around my building at work, and didn’t have a flower ID guide with me. They look rather like ox-eyed daisies, so I’m assuming for now that they are some kind of daisy.

Collection of small, daisy-like flowers with many narrow white petals circled around a yellow center

Also on the subject of the beautiful area around my building, check out the woods that nestle right up against it:

Dense woods, with coniferous trees in the foreground, and deciduous in the background

I love it. I just wish I had an office that looked down on the woods rather than the parking lot. Our HR guy has an office on the first floor overlooking the forest and spots snakes all the time. I love watching snakes move, especially through the woods. They look like they are sailing across the forest floor.

 

Poisonous Plants

Yesterday I was lucky enough to take a new class at the Piedmont Wildlife Center, Poisonous Plants. The Director of Education at the Piedmont Wildlife Center, Sarah, has been growing a poisonous plant garden for the last two years specifically to teach people about poisonous plants, and this year it was finally ready.

We started off with the parsley family. We examined the differences between Queen Anne’s Lace/wild carrot and two of its poisonous cousins, poison hemlock and water hemlock. Both are extremely deadly and can be fatal even in very small quantities. Poison hemlock (Conium maculatum), which contains several toxic alkaloids, was used in ancient Greece to execute prisoners, including Socrates. One particular alkaloid in hemlock, coniine, appears to be the main culprit, shutting down the central nervous system and causing respiratory collapse and death. The effects wear off in 48-72 hours, but death occurs quickly without artificial ventilation.

Death by poison hemlock is relatively peaceful, but its close relative, water hemlock (Cicuta) contains a toxin named cicutoxin which stimulates the central nervous system, causing hallucinations, delusions, and seizures. The toxin is so potent that poisoning has been reported even in children who only used the hollow water hemlock stems as whistles.

The  dangerous toxicity of the hemlocks, along with their physical similarity to other plants, including wild carrot, mean that wild plants in the parsley family should be consumed with caution, and only experts in plant identification should attempt to identify these plants for consumption. I myself plan on staying far, far away from wild plants in the parsley family. One of Sarah’s interns drew out some beautiful diagrams demonstrating the main differences between the three plants (although my photos could have been a bit better):

  • Poster detailing ways to recognize wild carrot/Queen Anne's Lace
  • Poster with labeled diagrams detailing features of Poison Hemlock and Water Hemlock

The top of the first slide is cut-off, but that is the wild carrot poster. Major differences between the plants’ physical appearances are as follows:

Wild Carrot:

  • compound umbel; flat topped
  • branching bracts 1-2 inches long
  • often has a dark purple flower in the center
  • after maturity, flowers will “birds’ nest” up
  • hairy solid stem- light green sometimes with reddish lines
  • leaflets are deeply and erratically lobed
  • root is solid and pithy- smells like a carrot!

Poison Hemlock:

  • sparse compound umbel
  • bracts only about 1/4″ long
  • smooth, hollow stem with purple spots and prominent white bloom (or powder)
  • larger, fern-like leaves, pinnately toothed leaflets that are finely divided
  • root is hollow and chambered

Water Hemlock:

  • loose, flat umbels
  • chambered, smooth stem, streaked with purple
  • leaves in 2-3 segments, leaflets are lance-shaped and coarsely toothed

Sarah has been unable to grow poison hemlock successfully, but she brought some wild carrot for us to look at:

Close-up of leaves of Queen Anne's Lace/wild carrot

and she was also able to harvest some water hemlock by the Eno River. She actually cut into the root to show us its hollow chambers:

Water hemlock plant whose root has been cut into showing the hollow chambers

Pretty cool, but you wouldn’t catch me doing that!

After examining the hemlocks, we left Sarah’s cabin and walked through the woods to the poison plant garden. On the way, Sarah asked us to point out any poison ivy plants we spotted, although we stopped doing that about 15 feet into the woods, because otherwise we wouldn’t have gotten anywhere. I’ve already posted quite a bit about poison ivy on this blog, so I’ll pass over that plant for now. Sarah also showed us some yellow buckeye (Aesculus flava) growing near the path, which we had also examined during a Plant Guild class a few weeks ago. Sarah said yellow buckeye is also called horse chestnut, although a bit of research indicates that horse chestnut is actually a different species- Aesculus hippocastanum versus Aesculus flava. The small tree we looked at was definitely yellow buckeye though, as horse chestnut leaves actually look a bit different.

Several yellow buckeye/horse chestnut plants, showing palmately compound leaves composed of 5-7 leaflets each

Yellow buckeye bears some superficial similarity to Virginia creeper (which I’ve never thought to photograph because it is so common here), mainly because they both have five leaves. A closer examination reveals however that yellow buckeye leaves don’t completely circle the stem the way Virginia creeper leaves do, and the teeth are much finer. The pattern of the veins is also different. Also, obviously, yellow buckeye is a tree and not a vine.

On the way to the poison plant garden, we also stopped in what I call the “Allergy Field” (because of how I and a number of other people always start sneezing within a minute of entering it) to look at some horse nettle (Solanum carolinense):

  • Small horsenettle plant
  • Close-up of horsenettle plant, showing spiny stem

As you can see in the slides above, horse nettle is covered in spines on both the stem and leaves. Like some other plants called nettle (Purple dead nettle for example), horse nettle is not actually a nettle. It belongs to the nightshade family, like tomatoes. In fact, another name for horse nettle is “wild tomato”, although that moniker is rather unfortunate and better not used, lest it give the wrong impression of the plant’s edibility. Although horse nettle fruits bear a passing resemblance to tomatoes, the effects of eating them are more likely to mimic those family members that give the nightshades their nasty reputation. Deadly members of the nightshade family include mandrake, belladonna (also called deadly nightshade), and henbane. Tobacco is also in the nightshade family.

Like all members of the family Solanaceae (including tomato, potato, and eggplant), horse nettle contains solanine, a toxic alkaloid that can cause death if ingested in a large enough quantity. Solanine is concentrated in the leaves, stems, flowers, and green unripe fruits of nightshade plants, although the quantity of solanine is low enough in tomatoes that the unripe fruit can be eaten safely. Green potatoes should not be eaten due to the risk of solanine poisoning, and wild potatoes, which have a higher concentration of solanine than cultivated potatoes, should not be eaten at all.

After our detour through Allergy Field, we arrived at the poison plant garden. Man, was it sunny. And hot. And sunny. Very, very sunny. My brain also chose that moment to remember that doxycycline, which I am taking to treat Lyme’s Disease, causes photosensitivity. And that I had forgotten to wear sunscreen. Luckily I was wearing my ever-present, wide-brimmed Tilley hat along with long pants, but my arms were unprotected and I hoped that we wouldn’t be spending too much time in the blazing sunlight of the poison plant garden.

The first plant we looked at was Dogbane (Apocynum), which Sarah contrasted with a similar plant next to it, milkweed (Asclepias).

Dogbane:

1 1/2 foot high Dogbane plant

Milkweed:

Short milkweed plant, with powdery green, soft and slightly fuzzy leaves

According to Wikipedia, Dogbane’s genus name “Apocynum” means “poisonous to dogs” (it is also poisonous to people), and presumably that is where the common name came from, too. All parts of the plant are poisonous. It has some similarity to milkweed, which is not poisonous when harvested and prepared properly, and is in fact delicious (we ate some at the most recent Wild Harvest class), although it should be boiled, and only young shoots should be eaten. Probably the easiest way to tell them apart is that milkweed has soft fuzz on the stem and underside of the leaves, while dogbane is smooth. Also, apparently dogbane leaves squeak when rubbed together, although none of our group was able to coax a squeak out of the plant. Additionally, milkweed stalks are hollow and green inside, while dogbane stalks are solid and white or cream inside. There are other, more subtle differences, but those are probably the most obvious distinctions to look for. They both contain white milky sap (which is NOT an indication of toxicity- dandelions have white milky sap as well). Additionally, one page I found states that if the plant tastes bitter, spit it out. Common milkweed should not be bitter, and you may have eaten dogbane or one of the bitter milkweeds. But don’t worry- as long as it was just a taste, you should be fine.

Next we looked at Canada moonseed (Menispermum canadense), which I think is a great name:

Small Canada moonseed plant

It looks somewhat similar to wild grape (Vitis rotundifolia), but unlike the edible wild grape, all parts of Canada moonseed contain a (potentially fatal) toxic alkaloid named dauricine. The similarity is fairly superficial, though. The shape of the leaves is different from that of wild grape (Canada moonseed is more angular and squared off at the bottom), and the leaves are not toothed (wild grape leaves have prominent teeth). Additionally, moonseed seeds are crescent (maybe that is where the name came from?), while wild grape seeds are round.

After the moonseed, we looked at Lobelia siphilitica, which is also apparently called “Great Blue Lobelia”. The “siphilitica” part comes from an old belief that the leaves would cure syphilis. However, all parts of the plant contain poisonous alkaloids, so you have to ask yourself whether it is really worth the risk to try it!

Close-up of Lobelia Sifilitica plant, showing warty-looking, coarsely-toothed leaves

Next we looked at Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), which has many names, including “devil’s apple” and “American mandrake”, which are pretty badass labels for this cute looking little plant:

Close-up of May apple plant, showing broad, deeply lobes leaves with three lobes each

It looks like it has chubby little cheeks or something, and I hereby declare Mayapple the winner of the “Cutest Poisonous Plant” award. It produces a fruit that actually looks more like a (slightly wrinkly) lemon than an apple, and the fruit is not out yet in May. However, eating this plant takes some care, because every part of it is toxic except the ripe fruit. If the fruit looks more like a lime than a lemon, it is not yet ripe enough for safety. The seeds should be removed, and never eaten. Unfortunately, animals generally descend on these fruits as soon as they are ripe enough to eat, so it is reportedly difficult to get one for yourself.

The last plant we looked at was yellow jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirens), which is a vine:

Yellow jessamine vine with narrow leaves in opposite pairs spaced widely along the vine

The flowers are yellow and trumpet-shaped. All parts of the plant contain toxic strychnine-related alkaloids, and the sap may cause skin irritation. Children have been poisoned after mistaking the plant for honeysuckle and sucking out the nectar (it is toxic to honeybees as well). Yellow jessamine is the state flower of South Carolina (North Carolina’s state flower is Dogwood).

That’s it! It was a great class, and one I had been looking forward to for months. I was a little bummed that we didn’t get to see poison hemlock in person, but it was still a great class. Now I am tempted to check local botanical gardens to see if any of them grow poison hemlock! Plus, every time I spot a plant that looks like Queen Anne’s Lace, I stop to verify that it is that plant, and not (as I am hoping) its deadly cousin. So far no luck!

Poison Ivy: Is it everywhere? (I think it might be)

While generally I have enjoyed living in North Carolina, there is one aspect of life here that I have difficulty dealing with (okay, a few, starting with the political climate and followed by the heat), and that is all the POISON IVY!

It is unbelievable. The stuff is everywhere. I can’t even get into the woods behind my apartment anymore because the stuff is so thick. I don’t just mean that there is a patch of it- there is a veritable garden. As if some urushiophile planted it, lovingly watered it everyday, sang to it, and read it bedtime stories until it grew as lush and thick as a miniature poison ivy jungle.

Think I’m kidding? Here are some pictures of the area behind the apartment immediately past mine:

  • Patch of poison ivy
    Yes, that's all poison ivy
  • Patch of poison ivy
    And still more
  • Patch of poison ivy
    How healthy they all look!
  • Patch of poison ivy
    Endless poison ivy plants
  • Patch of poison ivy
    All the way up the hill
  • Patch of poison ivy
    They all look so loved

Nearly every plant in these pictures, except for some plants on the periphery and the English ivy hiding below, is a poison ivy plant.

There is also a sort of path of mini plants that are making their way towards my neighbor’s apartment. If they turn to the right at all, they’re history.

Trailing row of small poison ivy plants 

All this poison ivy is really a shame, because there are some interesting plants that are now unreachable due to the poison ivy menace. For instance, this baby Devil’s Walking Stick, visible below in the picture below (which is fairly blurry because I had to keep my distance from its immediate neighbors):

Picture of a baby Devil's Walking Stick- a sapling with a thorny green trunk and an umbrella-like spread of leafy branches

Notice that its thorny trunk is green, rather than brown. I had never seen that before, that is until I noticed the new growth on this little sapling’s big brother, standing about 5 feet away and also surrounded by poison ivy, which I will take a picture of at some point (the picture came out too blurry to post). These awesome native Pacific West trees are all over in the woods behind my apartment, and some of them are quite large. At some point I will post some of the other pictures I have taken of these unique trees.

But first, I want to show the root (pun intended) of this expansive growth of poison ivy plants.

Wrist-thick poison ivy vine hanging off a tree

That wrist-thick hairy brown rope is the poison ivy vine. The hairs on the vine are actually the poison ivy’s aerial roots. I have read that you can kill the plant by severing the vine (although you have to be careful how you go about it), and I am definitely somewhat tempted to give it a shot. I would have to do some more reading though, and plan it out carefully so as not to expose myself to the poison ivy.

Anyway, as I was walking around my apartment building taking shots of poison ivy, I discovered this:

  • Unopened tulip poplar flower; 3 inches long, cone-shaped closed flower
    Unopened tulip poplar flower
  • Partially opened tulip poplar flower
    Partially opened tulip poplar flower
  • Partially opened tulip poplar flower
    Tulip poplar flower showing stamens and fruit

That (as identified for me by Sarah Haggerty at the last Plant Guild class), is a tulip poplar flower. Which means that there is a tulip poplar tree around my building, and once I started looking it was easy to spot. I’ll have to post a picture at some point, as they have very interesting leaves. The slider below shows some tulip poplar flowers I found at Lake Johnson (these are the ones Sarah identified):

  • Unopened tulip popular flower
    Awesome split tulip poplar flower
  • First tulip popular flower I ever found. It landed on the path next to me.

Speaking of the Piedmont Wildlife Center, the Wild Harvest class (Shoots and Summer Greens) yesterday was awesome, but that will have to wait for another post.

Before I sign off, I just wanted to post some pictures of my awesome new Coleman instant 4-man tent that is now set up on my patio. Perfect for mosquito-free summer chillin’, as well as providing a safe place for Ollie to enjoy the outdoors (he hasn’t been in there yet).

  • Coleman instant 4-man tent
  • Side view of Coleman 4-man tent